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black the effect will be that in the none-reflective mode an observer will see a black pixel

while in the reflective mode he will see a white pixel.

2.4.4.1 Frontech Fujitsu (Film Substrate-based Bendable Color Electronic Paper)

Film Substrate-based Bendable Color Electronic Paper was jointly developed, in 2005, by

Fujitsu laboratories, Frontech Limited and Fujitsu Limited. "Fujitsu rewritable color e-paper

is based on highly reflective cholesteric selective reflection technology” [16]. The product has

no color filter or polarizing layers, therefore it shows colors more vivid than conventional

LCDs. The refresh rate of the technology is 2.3 seconds for 8 colors and 10 seconds for 4,096

colors. Energy consumption is very minimal because like all the other E-Paper technologies it

is bistable.

2.4.4.2 Nemoptic (BiNem E-Paper)

BiNem display technology is developed by Nemoptic, a company based in France. “BiNem

electronic paper uses a thin sandwich type cell filled with a nematic liquid crystal mixture”

[15]. The manufacturing process is similar to that of Twisted Nematic-LCD (TN-LCD) but

the differences are thinner cell gap and that the bottom layer receives a specific BiNem

alignment layer, the top layer however like the regular LCD receives a conventional

polyimide alignment layer. There are two forms the texture could take when no field is

applied, the first one is the zero-twisted uniform planar texture called “U” (for uniform

）

and

the second form is the half-turn

（）

180° twisted texture “T” [15]. The bottom nematic host is

doped with a chiral guest to equalize the U and T energies. This compensation leads to

bistability allowing information displayed to remain stable indefinitely [15].

Figure 2.5: Cross-section of BiNem (Image courtesy of Nemoptic [15])

BiNem uses passive matrix structure, refresh rate at room temperature is about 10ms and the

view angle is 120°.

2.4.4.3 Kent Display Cholesteric LCD

Kent Display technology is based on the general Cholesteric LCD technology. In the

manufacturing process an opaque substrate base is coated with a planarization layer. An

emulsion of Cholesteric Crystals sandwiched between screen-printed rows and columns of

polymer electrodes follows, finally a protective coating overlay is applied for completion [35,

36]. Kent display is bistable, it uses passive matrix addressing and has a contrast ratio of 25:1

and the reflectivity is about 40%.

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Amazon Kindle D00111 Manuale Utente Pagina 10