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2.2 E-Paper

Disambiguation, E-paper falls into the family of reflective displays referred to as flexible-

reflective displays. One could say that all E-papers are reflective displays but all reflective

displays are not necessarily E-papers, in other words, E-papers are bendable. Electronic paper

(E-paper) has the appearance of a conventional paper but they are reusable. “Unlike

conventional paper, however, it is electrically writable and erasable” [2].

E-paper does not need a backlight to illuminate its pixels rather the letters or images are

illuminated by the light from the surrounding environment; just like the conventional paper it

reflects light. It uses power only when information is loaded into the E-paper screen thereafter

the information will remain unchanged until replace by another one. Consequently, E-paper is

good for mobile devices because of its minimal power consumption. A lot of research has

been made in this area and more research is still going on in this field. The computer monitor

like the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) or the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) have disadvantages

i.e. backlight effect on the human eye, the difficulty of viewing the text or image from a

certain angle and the fact that they are heavy cannot be ignored. E-paper solves all these

problems because they are lightweight, flexible and can be bent like a normal paper. E-paper

can be read in a bright sunlight and can be viewed from almost 180 degrees. There are several

E-Paper technologies presently available however; other technological breakthroughs are still

in the pipeline in several laboratories around the globe.

2.3 Basic Requirements and Attributes for E-papers

For a display technology to be considered as an E-Paper it has to meet certain basic

requirements and attributes. These requirements imply that the display should be able to give

the same pleasant reading experience as a newspaper or a book. The minimum requirements

for E-Paper technologies are given in Table 2.1.

RequirementsforE‐papersTechnologies

Power It should be Bi-Stable; uses zero power to retain a still image.

Resolution Minimum of 150 dpi

Contrast Ratio 10:1

Viewing angle More than 100 degrees, preferable close to 180 degrees.

Cost Cheap, the price should be almost comparable to paper.

Refresh Time Less than 1 second

Reflectance

(brightness)

Should be readable in sunlight, reflectance should be more than

30%

Flexible It should be bendable

Light weight It should be almost as light weighted as a paper-card.

Table 2.1: Some basic requirements for E-Paper technology

2.4. Technology and Material Platforms

There are several E-Paper screen technologies that are available to commercial device

manufacturers. These technologies can be categorized into

(a)Bichromal

(b)Electrophoretic

(a)Electrowetting

(b)Cholesteric Crystal Displays

(c)Transparent Organic Light-Emitting Display (TOLED)

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